HAPE results from fluid build-up in the lungs.  The fluid in the lungs prevents effective oxygen exchange.  As the condition becomes more severe, the level of oxygen in the bloodstream decreases, and this can lead to impaired cerebral function and even death.  Symptoms include shortness of breath even at rest, tightness in the chest, extreme fatigue, a feeling of impending suffocation, weakness, and a persistent cough bringing up white, watery or frothy fluid.  Confusion and irrational behavior are signs that insufficient oxygen is reaching the brain.

In cases of HAPE, immediate descent is a necessary life-saving measure (2,000 - 4,000 feet).

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

HACE is the result of swelling or brain tissue from fluid leakage.  Symptoms can include headache, loss of coordination, weakness, decreasing levels of consciousness including disorientation, loss of memory, hallucinations, psychotic behavior, and coma.  Severe instances can lead to death if not treated quickly.

Immediate descent is a necessary life-saving measure (2,000 - 4,000 feet).

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